Andrew Ng: Opportunities in AI - 2023

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  • Опубликовано: 17 дек 2024

Комментарии • 610

  • @jacopoalberto
    @jacopoalberto Год назад +242

    Andrew Ng is a hero, he's the reason why I started studying ML. I love his humble and clear teaching style. He makes any topic seem understandable.

    • @lukmanalghdamsi3189
      @lukmanalghdamsi3189 Год назад +5

      a good teacher

    • @rocketPower047
      @rocketPower047 11 месяцев назад +2

      his Coursera courses are awesome

    • @huutoan1
      @huutoan1 11 месяцев назад +1

      agree, agree, agree. He never tries to push tons of words into your brain, just what really needs

    • @trawsoza2926
      @trawsoza2926 10 месяцев назад +1

      He's definitely not a hero he's nefarious but he is a good teacher

    • @rocketPower047
      @rocketPower047 10 месяцев назад +1

      @@trawsoza2926 why

  • @GDaSilva-m3h
    @GDaSilva-m3h Год назад +329

    It is so COOL that I can watch a Stanford University presentation while eating a bag of chips in my living room. What a time to be alive.

    • @adnanshahid1101
      @adnanshahid1101 9 месяцев назад +8

      While watching I was wondering how tough it would have been for people during 3rd industrial revolution to get such kind of information make themselves aware and prepare for the future.

    • @kamilziemian995
      @kamilziemian995 9 месяцев назад

      Indeed.

    • @newbestofthis4422
      @newbestofthis4422 9 месяцев назад +3

      I am having a sitz bath and watching this lol. Yeah what a time to be alive

    • @fengxiw3731
      @fengxiw3731 9 месяцев назад +1

      me too, bro

    • @Otto-mq8lg
      @Otto-mq8lg 8 месяцев назад +2

      Stockholm syndrome

  • @longship44
    @longship44 Год назад +127

    Andrew Ng is awesome on multiple levels. I'm always a bit smarter each time I listen to him.

  • @t0el
    @t0el Год назад +152

    "AI is the new electricity" the best quote of the century! Great Prof. Andrew Ng

  • @cse03raghuveerawankar31
    @cse03raghuveerawankar31 Год назад +1088

    This man is the reason I fell in love with complex topics like Artificial Neural Networks in AI. He is hero for all AI lovers.

  • @for-ever-22
    @for-ever-22 Год назад +382

    His contributions to AI and making learning accessible to all will never be overlooked. He has earned his name on the AI Hall of fame. Sir, thank you for your selflessness ! I sign for a pause in training of large AI models but I still trust your judgment.

    • @jackynft16
      @jackynft16 Год назад +1

      0:39

    • @jackynft16
      @jackynft16 Год назад +2

      2:22 3:07 3:15

    • @jackynft16
      @jackynft16 Год назад +1

      4:31

    • @VivekYadav-ds8oz
      @VivekYadav-ds8oz Год назад +5

      @evanshlom1 Coursera, for example. Probably a lot in research but that's just a conjecture. And I'd argue teaching and incubating are very good actual applications. If he had built a business that helps incubate, you wouldn't have said that.

    • @reyjanson1788
      @reyjanson1788 Год назад

      andrew ng is so over rated

  • @AzharKhan-cy5kt
    @AzharKhan-cy5kt Год назад +19

    This dude deserves noble prize

  • @armijinyawa
    @armijinyawa Год назад +39

    A sign of supreme intelligence is the ability to discuss complex in very simple terms and this guys does it (apparently) so effortlessly. Brilliant and insightful lecture - I have been ruminating on the “scale” problem for many years but thought it is just because I’m not a computer scientist and didn’t really understand. His views about domain expertise totally resonated with me. Thank you.

  • @Mrgohar111
    @Mrgohar111 8 месяцев назад +2

    I am loving to see that how calm and Serene this guy is while giving a concept.

  • @healingbyqurannow
    @healingbyqurannow Год назад +240

    We need more people like Andrew Ng in this world, very inspiring and helpful.

    • @tonycatman
      @tonycatman Год назад +11

      It's difficult to believe that this humble, lovely, patient man is also an incredibly powerful and wealthy person, who has also been the boss of thousands of people.
      I can't think of anyone in history who has had such power and humility at the same time.

    • @edwardmitchell6842
      @edwardmitchell6842 Год назад

      @@tonycatman When you see him on Coursera (new courses included) it feels like you are just sitting with a friend. I even saw him flabbergasted when the guest instructor stated he learned ML from Andrew's courses.

  • @ZeryusXD
    @ZeryusXD Год назад +32

    Very concise and well laid out presentation. Any beginner who wants to take their first step into AI will benefit from this

  • @itsdavidmora
    @itsdavidmora Год назад +90

    As a computer scientist (with a degree from Stanford, actually), I can confirm this is an impressively lucid summary of the complex developments in AI over the last few decades. He skips over a lot of details (breakthrough architectures, hardware advances, arguments around how to test AI, ethical dilemmas behind training data sources, etc), but he still manages to trace the high-level contours that really matter.
    I'd add though: the single biggest opportunity in AI is to think more critically about how to use it in ways that uplift our communiites, rather than to do things like exploit the psychology of children to sell ads. This is something that requires all of us.

    • @sreeharsharaveendra289
      @sreeharsharaveendra289 Год назад +7

      Another AI opportunity, to use AI to combat exploitative use cases. Fight bad AI with good AI haha.

    • @jamesdalton7865
      @jamesdalton7865 Год назад +1

      Wonderfully put! The benefits of AI should be shared with all of humanity.

  • @JSE_Kot
    @JSE_Kot 4 месяца назад +2

    Thank you, Andrew Ng, and a big thanks to the entire team for making it possible for us to listen to such a great man discuss an amazing topic.

  • @SethBang91
    @SethBang91 Год назад +72

    Andrew has truly made a legendary impact with his dedication to education over the years. I deeply appreciate all that he has done. Kudos to Stanford for consistently sharing such valuable content featuring leading figures in technology!

  • @johnchateau
    @johnchateau 9 месяцев назад +1

    Thank you so much Andrew Ng and Stanford for teaching and sharing in the most basic way about AI and its applications and risks. you are a real Teacher. any person can learn about this AI topic.
    "survive and thrive for the future"

  • @lien-chinwei4815
    @lien-chinwei4815 Год назад +12

    Thank you for sharing Dr. Andrew Ng's speaking. I took his AI and data-science classes, and they are with top-notch contents. Amazing

  • @Appsorwebs
    @Appsorwebs Год назад +4

    My Super hero and AI hero, thanks so much for all your wonderful courses, documents, etc!

  • @stasgurevich7786
    @stasgurevich7786 Год назад +21

    Thank you for the insights and inspiration, Mr. Ng. Thank you for the Coursera course which was a true eye opener to the power of AI for me. What a talented, humble and ethical person!

  • @zenetio
    @zenetio 12 дней назад

    Andrew Ng is a great mentor. His Machine Learning course at Coursera was my first online AI online course about 12 y ago. Since then I have taken tens of online courses and became an AI mentor.

  • @JustinHalford
    @JustinHalford Год назад +20

    It’s hard to overstate Andrew’s role in communicating the importance of the AI space to millions of people who are interested in using technology to build a better world. His online ML class has likely spurred thousands of bright minds to pursue this space and to make meaningful contributions. Kudos to your contributions, Andrew!

  • @RichardOlowalu
    @RichardOlowalu 8 месяцев назад +1

    Thank you Andrew and Stanford

  • @vanessaaugsbach6541
    @vanessaaugsbach6541 Год назад +5

    Such a pleasure listening to your amazing brilliance your calming demeanor and charisma in explaining AI
    Thank you for your
    precious precious time We truly appreciate you

  • @SathyaNarayananKrishnan
    @SathyaNarayananKrishnan Год назад +4

    Andrew Ng is Great ! and more to come ! It has been a highly informative and envisioning Presentation I have ever heard ! Thank you Stanford for making it accessible to everyone across the Globe. 🙏

  • @numankhan2645
    @numankhan2645 Год назад +1

    Andrew ng is my mentor and the mentor of every AI and machine learning student billion dollar man Thank you for all you effort and generosity

  • @Abdien
    @Abdien Год назад +3

    Happy to be one of your online students, big impact on many peoples life you are creating!

  • @AlexKashie
    @AlexKashie Год назад +1

    So grateful for this… Thank you so much Dr Andrew NG and Stanford University

  • @alyssalin6401
    @alyssalin6401 8 месяцев назад +1

    This is the master who can describe difficult things so easily understandable!

  • @maoribloodtraitor
    @maoribloodtraitor 9 месяцев назад +2

    He seems like a very kind man. I like his thoughts around AI, I find myself aligning with his line of thinking as to all the hype that's going on at the moment.

  • @singhdpy
    @singhdpy Год назад

    I consider it a significant accomplishment and a matter of great pride to have had the opportunity to study and learn from Professor Andrew Ng, thanks to Stanford University.

  • @muneebakram9647
    @muneebakram9647 Год назад +2

    Wonderful presentation. Thank you Andrew Ng, thank you Stanford.

  • @ashmohd6064
    @ashmohd6064 Год назад +2

    Thank you so much, Andrew Ng!

  • @fabriciot4166
    @fabriciot4166 Год назад +8

    It is a pleasure and a relief to have people like that, with so much experience and achievements without losing a bit of humility and responsibility. I think he is and will always be, at least for me, one of the best references in this and many other fields, we are really lucky that we have people of that level. A big hug

  • @leksandradubovik6291
    @leksandradubovik6291 9 месяцев назад +1

    such a bright and humane person… enjoyed every minute of his talk

  • @rahmatsyahf
    @rahmatsyahf Год назад +196

    🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation:
    00:00 🤖 Dr. Andrew Ng discusses opportunities in AI as a general-purpose technology.
    01:26 🧠 AI comprises various tools, with supervised learning and generative AI being the most important.
    02:09 💡 Supervised learning excels at labeling and mapping tasks in various applications, such as spam detection, online advertising, self-driving cars, and automated visual inspection.
    05:50 🔥 Generative AI, like GPT-3, generates text based on supervised learning principles by predicting the next word in a sequence.
    08:06 🚀 Low-code and no-code AI tools are making it easier for developers to create customized AI applications rapidly.
    11:47 💰 Current AI value is concentrated in consumer software and the internet, but there is vast untapped potential in other industries.
    15:57 🛠️ The emergence of low-code and no-code AI tools is enabling AI adoption in diverse industries and use cases.
    20:47 🌐 Dr. Ng started AI Fund, an incubator, to explore diverse AI opportunities by creating startups.
    22:12 💻 Opportunities in the AI stack include hardware, infrastructure, developer tools, and applications, with application layer success being crucial for the ecosystem.
    23:36 🤖 Andrew Ng discusses Armor.ai, an AI-powered platform for romantic relationship coaching, highlighting the unique opportunities at the application layer where AI and relationships expertise intersect.
    25:28 🚢 Bearing AI is an example of using AI to make ships more fuel-efficient, demonstrating the process of validating startup ideas and bringing in a CEO from the beginning for efficiency.
    28:33 🌐 Andrew Ng emphasizes focusing on one's "swim lane," specializing in AI while collaborating with subject matter experts to explore exciting new opportunities in various domains.
    30:36 🧠 Engaging with concrete AI ideas efficiently validates or falsifies them and provides clear execution direction, making collaboration with subject matter experts more effective.
    32:00 🌍 Andrew Ng addresses the responsibility of ensuring AI projects benefit humanity ethically, acknowledging challenges like bias and the potential job disruptions.
    33:52 🤖 Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is still decades away, and concerns about AI causing human extinction are overblown; gradual development allows for oversight and safety measures.
    35:40 🌏 AI, as part of the solution, can help address real extinction risks to humanity, such as pandemics and climate change, rather than being a significant threat itself.
    Made with HARPA AI

    • @cupotko
      @cupotko Год назад +3

      Super! Which type of "youtube summary" command did you use, longer or shorter?

    • @anirudh247
      @anirudh247 Год назад

      The timestamps seem to be wrong.

    • @j10001
      @j10001 Год назад

      AI Fund is a _studio,_ not an _incubator._ Very different things.

    • @darksector1389
      @darksector1389 Год назад +2

      HARPA needs to be fined tuned. Also unfortunately this won't work too well with visual representations and tables shown on the video.

    • @gautambatwar7231
      @gautambatwar7231 Год назад

      Thanks

  • @hajhouj
    @hajhouj Год назад +15

    Thank you so much, Andrew Ng! Back when I was learning about data science, the courses seemed really complex. Your courses made those complexities simple to understand, and they helped me succeed in my machine learning and deep learning modules.

  • @Geovea-Travel
    @Geovea-Travel Год назад +11

    Andrew, thanks so much for discussing AI in such and easy way to understand. My team has been working on similar ways to bring inspiration to travel over the last 4 months. You are spot on. Thanks and look forward hearing more - Kirk

  • @walterjrobinson
    @walterjrobinson Год назад +1

    Andrew Ng makes AI accessible, understandable, and relevant for people ... this knowledge and his teaching is a gift that he shares with humanity.

  • @pyakuman
    @pyakuman 9 месяцев назад

    Thank you for imparting your knowledge Andrew! Thanks Stanford Online for uploading the content too.

  • @BookshelfJourney
    @BookshelfJourney Год назад +2

    Andrew has changed my life. My journey to learn AI started with Andrew.

    • @rutuja525
      @rutuja525 Год назад

      Can you please share the road map for getting started with AI.

  • @learnbydoingwithsteven
    @learnbydoingwithsteven 13 дней назад

    I am back again. Always nice to review great talks.

  • @luieklimmer
    @luieklimmer Год назад +3

    It would have been interesting to have the Q/A included. Great talk.

  • @kahisawheel
    @kahisawheel Год назад +3

    Andrew Ng is awesome. Love him.

  • @marchammermann9124
    @marchammermann9124 Год назад

    Really the first realistic overview I've seen in the echo chambers of RUclips, especially at the end. Thanks for that!!! In my opinion, the biggest problem is the use of all our collected data by the internet giants for commercial purposes. Because they now own the hardware layer, the API layer and the data sets to train the AI. That's a big difference from the past, when it was much harder to achieve a concentration even in one sector.

  • @johnorajiaka3721
    @johnorajiaka3721 Год назад +3

    Excellent presentation. I gained 10x knowledge on AI watching this. Thanks Andrew

  • @lijames8989
    @lijames8989 Год назад +2

    Dr. Ng is living his life purpose by working on things that move humanity forward! His classes about AI online is one of the first videos that I saw and learned about AI and Machine Learning. Glad to see that the projects his company works on have a greater impact on a lot more industries other than tech.

  • @__________________________6910
    @__________________________6910 Год назад +2

    I always love to watch Andrew Ng videos.

  • @ravibatta4402
    @ravibatta4402 Год назад +1

    His stand on ethical grounds and serving humanity with technology is what makes him a great person.

  • @NikhilSJain
    @NikhilSJain Год назад +8

    Thank you Andrew. I remember a day when I visited a remote village in Asia. Someone mentioned talking about your courses and they could learn AI from your videos. You keep doing great work.

  • @lenhho8199
    @lenhho8199 Год назад +3

    Very thoughtful talk and easy to follow, love it

  • @NileshHanotia-le6lm
    @NileshHanotia-le6lm Год назад +3

    Andrew is really a source of inspiration. Thankyou

  • @molugusatyapriya2
    @molugusatyapriya2 3 месяца назад +2

    It was fascinating to hear Andrew Ng's predictions about the future of AI in 2023. The video does a fantastic job of capturing the enormity of the opportunities.

  • @bayesian7404
    @bayesian7404 Год назад +1

    Brilliant thinker and very personable. Great talk.

  • @fundiserame9531
    @fundiserame9531 Год назад +42

    Wow. Andrew is a genius. His ability to articulate and make relatable such a complex topic stood out for me more than his undeniably solid knowledge of it. Thank you for this🙏

    • @yorha2b278
      @yorha2b278 Год назад +1

      The "simp'ing" is strong in this one.

  • @prabhavkaula9697
    @prabhavkaula9697 Год назад +3

    Great talk, Andrew is the goat 🐐

  • @aminrujul
    @aminrujul 6 месяцев назад

    I'm happy to being part of as a viewer of stanferd University.... In future I hope new videos are coming....

  • @khengwahkoh1137
    @khengwahkoh1137 Год назад +1

    Andrew Ng has excellent ability to explain complex AI topics in concise and layman terms!

  • @Malek-bh9ug
    @Malek-bh9ug Год назад +11

    Andrew Ng Truly an awesome inspiration thank you for everything ❤🎉

  • @budmonk2819
    @budmonk2819 Год назад

    Watched it non stop. A great teacher who can explain a very complex topic in a very simple way.

  • @rrresonance2
    @rrresonance2 Год назад +1

    Andrew Ng, that's my boy!!!!

  • @48_subhambanerjee22
    @48_subhambanerjee22 Год назад +1

    NeuralNet and GenAI is the talk of this decade

  • @sbhusi
    @sbhusi 7 месяцев назад

    Andrew NG is best educator and how he shares is ideas/thoughts in such a simple way that anyone can just understand

  • @Yahooforreal124
    @Yahooforreal124 Год назад

    Love his soothing voice and simple, but not simplistic explanations.

  • @owaisgul
    @owaisgul Год назад +1

    Wonderfull lecture by andrew, 20 mins i am into video. I don't fill boring or obsessed. Learned alot, begginers friendly lecture delievered in a excellent way.

  • @krimdelko
    @krimdelko Год назад

    Andrew is democratizing access to company building. Great purpose.

  • @n_qln
    @n_qln 8 месяцев назад

    Simply amazing. 10:45 literally inspired me to write a whole python package to make this logic available to data analysts/scientists/engineers more widely (called dpq on github/pypi).

  •  Год назад +5

    One of the feature is intelligence is the ability to explain complex topics in simple words. In this presentación Andrew Ng showed the present and near term future of AI in such simple terms that it is very comprehensible for people in non tech fields. He also clearly summarized the entries to the system.
    I am very interested in exploring the landscape of education that is untouched but could be greatly enhanced by AI.
    Thanks!

    • @ashishmehra5143
      @ashishmehra5143 10 месяцев назад

      I am sure you would have come across people who are really intelligent but when it comes to teaching or explaining, they are not very good at it.
      I have, in my school, college and often at work.
      IMO, teaching is a skill and need a separate work to be good at it.

  • @clifferttreven7376
    @clifferttreven7376 Год назад

    This is a valid layer of how AI growth across sectors corresponds with each other! Andrew is a legend!

  • @NelsLindahl
    @NelsLindahl Год назад +6

    Thank you for sharing this one! I enjoyed your discussion of when to build and how to consider the idea.

  • @ReeceGao
    @ReeceGao Год назад +1

    The idea of generative AI with long tail business is very impressive. Thank you, Andrew.

  • @damilarephilip3667
    @damilarephilip3667 Год назад

    This man strikes me as a very brilliant person. Kudos man, so effortless in his speech, very highly captivating.

  • @karenchen8004
    @karenchen8004 Год назад +1

    Very valuable speech! Thank you very much.

  • @InspiringKeynoteSpeakers
    @InspiringKeynoteSpeakers Год назад +4

    Dr. Ng's insights on AI being a versatile and general-purpose technology are absolutely captivating. His analogy likening AI to electricity, highlighting their adaptability, is truly noteworthy. It's remarkable to witness the evolution of AI!

  • @skymakeryo
    @skymakeryo Год назад +1

    Excellent presentation and speech!

  • @samamamoo9882
    @samamamoo9882 Год назад +1

    High quality overview of AI at present and possibilities for the future. Everyone interested in AI must check it out. Thank you'

  • @bhumikakhamitkar6132
    @bhumikakhamitkar6132 Год назад +6

    Thank you for sharing your knowledge to everyone 🎉

  • @csjoy4682
    @csjoy4682 Год назад

    Thank you Prof. Andrew Ng

  • @aipristine
    @aipristine Год назад +1

    Fantastic content, definitely worth 30min of your life to watch!

  • @maydin34
    @maydin34 Год назад +3

    Very informative speech! And I must admit that I envied the start up that found a chance to work with him. Geography matters...

  • @alwaysyouramanda
    @alwaysyouramanda Год назад +1

    I struggled most with textures in my 3D art. Now I can just prompt whatever I need! It’d amazing!! I’m so much more productive when I don’t have to worry about painting/drawing every detail!!!!

  • @kevins9243
    @kevins9243 Год назад

    I can listen to him talk all day.

  • @lisztk1928
    @lisztk1928 Год назад +1

    Andrew is the complete sauce of being extremely good at theory and extremely pragmatic guy. I am so fascinated. A true inspiration for me

  • @mohamedhatem325
    @mohamedhatem325 Год назад +1

    thank you Andrew for these insights.

  • @sriramananthakrishnan138
    @sriramananthakrishnan138 Год назад +104

    While Ng makes great courses, a crucial point in the AI landscape he failed to mention is access to data. In this example of AI Tinder, one cannot build that without multiple data points and practically anyone can build one if they have access to it. The competitive advantage most companies have is the data they use to train the models and access to GPUs which overall makes it a difficult industry to break into.

    • @JonathanDennill
      @JonathanDennill Год назад +4

      An accelerating competitive advantage that helps the flywheel of building a better product with new iterations at a faster rate than competitors can keep up with. (Intel and chips come to mind in that example)

    • @runvnc208
      @runvnc208 Год назад +2

      The example was actually AI relationship coach if I recall. Actually now that we have very smart general purpose models like GPT-4, you don't need a ton of data to build this. Literally all he had to do was get that former Tinder CEO to make a concise list of important lessons for relationships and then come up with a way to turn that information into prompts for the OpenAI ChatGPT API that would enable actual coaching for specific individuals and relationships based on the info.

    • @cademcmanus2865
      @cademcmanus2865 Год назад +1

      @@JonathanDennill His comment says that high quality data is an immediate and large barrier to entry for an AI startup. Your comment is a platitude about how to create a successful startup. In the case of an AI startup, data is a prerequisite to the concept mentioned in your comment, so your comment was not useful.

    • @arslantariq3396
      @arslantariq3396 Год назад

      I read the quote, " Data is the new oil" Get that today. Data is everything in this new era.

    • @JonathanDennill
      @JonathanDennill Год назад

      @@cademcmanus2865 thanks dude!

  • @authorizedunknown6647
    @authorizedunknown6647 Год назад +5

    Truly an inspiration and reason to love learning AI

  • @smash666
    @smash666 Год назад +2

    Great presentation. I love his humility and pragmatism when it comes to AGI. That's a shame the so called leaders of the silicon valley are not like him.

  • @mikaellelouch9821
    @mikaellelouch9821 Год назад

    Great content to explain What's AI and Amazing speaker !. I'm love of Andrew NG ;)

  • @getabegaz
    @getabegaz Год назад +3

    Thanks Andrew. AI should be seen as gen purpose tech is an eye opening point to generate ideas

  • @konradszwed3659
    @konradszwed3659 11 месяцев назад +1

    Excellent presentation. Kudos!

  • @gabrielusiel
    @gabrielusiel Год назад

    Алиша, ты лучшая!!! Я влюбился в тебя, в твои уроки. Огромная благодарность тебе за твою жизнерадостность и любовь к своему делу!

  • @MalamIbnMalam
    @MalamIbnMalam Год назад +4

    Dr. Andrew Ng is amazing! I wish I could get his autograph.

  • @90schilllofi
    @90schilllofi Год назад +11

    If you happen to read this keep going... You have the strength to overcome any obstacle. Celebrate your victories, no matter how small, and be kind to yourself. Your journey will lead you to a brighter tomorrow! 🦋🦋🦋

  • @psc_froot
    @psc_froot Год назад +1

    Very insightful video!!

  • @Pavel.Fomitchov
    @Pavel.Fomitchov Год назад

    Excellent presentation! I'm glad that I found it.

  • @pavellegkodymov4295
    @pavellegkodymov4295 Год назад +1

    Great video, thanks for sharing!

  • @KarimMarbouh
    @KarimMarbouh Год назад +1

    Andrew is one of goats in AI, thank you for your dedication and hard work

  • @huaweihonor7714
    @huaweihonor7714 11 месяцев назад +1

    clear concepts. Thanx for sharing

  • @mrboyban
    @mrboyban Год назад

    Dr Andrew is at the top of the game.

  • @peronsh
    @peronsh Год назад +1

    Andrew always delivers such interesting views. Everything I've encountered that he speaks about or does is simply great.

  • @murffmjtube
    @murffmjtube Год назад +1

    Elegant distillation of a complex topic✨

  • @bitanic
    @bitanic Год назад +2

    Great talk!! One question / comment. When talking about the problems with AI, he didn't mention the opacity problem. The fact that we can't explain why an AI system gave a particular answer to a certain question is problematic, especially when these systems are deployed in settings that affect pepole's rights (like getting a loan, credit score, parole issues, etc.). Moreover, these systems can be manipulated by their users and developers. Users can deploy various attacks, and malicious developers might train the system to contain backdoors. The prodact is a black box. In many cases it's not a problem, but in many other cases it is.
    I'd love to hear what Andrew has to say about it.